Le Bitcoin revient à ses racines : pourquoi le minage à domicile fait son retour | Bitcoin 2026

Good morning Las Vegas. How are we feeling today? It is the last day of the conference. Aw. I am super excited to be talking about home mining today with some killers in the space. Let's Let's go ahead and start just introducing ourselves. I'm Tatum. I'm with sales at Compass Mining. I'm the Bitcoin mining guy. I self-proclaimed. And I love talking about home mining, so they got me to talk about home mining. Go ahead and also add on what does home mining mean to you after you explain who you are. You can go ahead and start Leo. >> First thanks. So my name is Leo Wang. I'm the vice president Canaan. I joined Canaan in October 2021. I was also the first employee in North American regions representing company. Canaan started as a home mining company. You know, we we we basically raise money back then with the founding team to tape out the first generation of ASIC chips. But even before that our founder was the inventor of FPGA mining. He open-sourced all his solutions to the community and started as a home mining promoter. We we did We actually did several generations of home mining machines back in 2014. But iteration of ASIC chips was just crazy. You had to deal with all these changing you know, parameters and competition from the newcomers like Bitmain MicroBT. So So we stopped that product line until more recently 2014 24, which was exactly 10 years later to push out the first generation of modern home miners. Scott. Hey, yeah. Good morning. Thanks Tatum. My name's Scott. I am a Bitcoiner. I'm an electrical engineer. I'm a freedom tech advocate. A while back at the instigator of the Bitaxe project. Now I work with the 256 foundation to promote open-source Bitcoin mining. Home mining to me is is without a doubt the most resilient, most badass form of Bitcoin mining, of securing the Bitcoin network, right? Home miners cannot be shut down. They will not turn off. They will not unplug. They are here doing it like absolutely no matter what. So, it's it's an incredibly important part. Maybe insignificant share of the network hash rate for now, but an incredibly resilient bunch that just absolutely cannot be stopped. Avril? And Scott. I'm Avril, founder of Alter Tech, Bitcoiner class of 2013, been mining Bitcoin since 2015. Um At Alter Tech, like we really have one focus, to make it easy for people to mine Bitcoin, to democratize Bitcoin mining. We want to We see this as the easiest way to get Bitcoin in people's hands. If everybody at home can mine Bitcoin quietly, wirelessly, and with high hash rates and good efficiencies, maybe even profitably, they acquire Bitcoin without going through the exchanges, going through the KYC process. So, we're super excited about, you know, minting tens of millions of new Bitcoiners by, you know, giving them their first Bitcoin miner. Yeah, thanks, guys. And unfortunately, they only gave us a 30-minute window. We asked for 6 hours to talk about everything home mining. I know. So, yeah, there's a lot to cover. So, let's One thing that I wanted to really harp on was that the title of this is Bitcoin's return to its roots. And what we've seen is home mining is making a resurgence. Um Whenever I first got into Bitcoin, everyone was wanting to get an S9 and you can get an S9 for 150 bucks and Crypto Cloaks was printing shrouds and people were putting them in as as space heaters and we see that that that kind of has changed the the landscape of it all and a lot more home mining is kind of focused on lottery miners and then you also have other home miners being made that are that are [clears throat] intended to be space heaters or something like that. So, what's the >> [clears throat] >> how is the landscape changed and what what has changed for it to go from everyone needs a, you know, a big miner, relatively speaking, to, you know, having a bunch of lottery miners or something like that. Scott, will you want to take this one first? The I mean, I the home mining has changed because with the advent of actual home miners, of which the S9 is not. That that is a a very industrial machine. I I I had a stark realization of that. I I moved into a a new office a number of years ago and electricity was included in the rent and I was like, "Oh my gosh, I'm going to be a mining god." Got myself a bunch of S9s, rewired the power so I had 220 over in the corner of the office, plugged them all in, let them rip and it was like, you know, within an hour I was like, "This is not going to work. I I also have to exist in this office and it was like, "Oh my gosh, like I I want to be mining. I want to be a part of this. I want to be doing this. I'm I'm interested in it technically. I'm interested in it for the support of the Bitcoin network, but there is there is is just not a realistic way for me to do it. Like, I'm a technical guy. I'm definitely into hacking and, you know, figuring out how to put in the basement, but like, you know, there's there was I hypothesized at the time that there is a a non-zero number of people that want to be doing this if there was only a a realistic, reasonable, practical way for them to do it that isn't going to like get them a divorce. Yeah, it's always the wife test that has to pass before you ship something. Uh I know that April, you said that you had a contrarian view to the lottery mining. Could you explain that a little bit in in what you meant there? Sure. So, I think first of all, I'd like to thank Scott and OS Um you and 216 Foundation. I think you guys have I mean, there's an order of magnitude >> drop in, you know, the cost acquired to buy your first miner. A lot of it is the work you've done. Uh especially ESP32 controller, which is a lot cheaper than a full computer that you used to need to run, let's say, a Compact F or a USB miner. Uh I think you guys have realistically brought in maybe 100 to 200,000 new home miners in the last 2 years, so so thank you for that. Uh but I think along with this resurgence of lottery mining, uh we've seen people just like, you know, I would call this gambling addiction. Instead of buying one miner to learn about how to mine at scale, they buy two, 10, 50. They have a roomful. >> [laughter] >> I think I think they they really need to unders- go back to the basics and and and understand like what is what is it that they're trying to do. And uh understand that the way you scale, you want to decentralize the network, compete with the big guys. They're buying hash it at $10 hash or less for new gen A6. You can't outrun them at 50, $100 a terahash. You know, buy your Bitaxe, buy your Nano 3S, buy your small lottery miner, learn how to mine, tinker with it, but don't scale with it. For scaling, uh you need to go bigger, right? And we have so many options now. Canaan has a a whole range of home miners that are over 1,000 W. They're great space heaters. Go buy one of those. You can modify an Antminer. I would I would love to see more. I would love to see more uh home integration with, you know, some of these miners, things like home assistant. Uh even integration with proprietary systems like Ring or Nest that a lot of us already use. Yeah, so uh if you want to outrun the big guys, you got to do it at at their cost. You can't pay an order of magnitude and then higher and expect to to gain market share on them. That's not going to happen. Yeah, and I have to give a quick shout. You said you want to see more home automation. Shout out to Dylan and Tyler out in the audience who love that stuff. They are wizards with uh home automation and mining. >> 100%. >> I They're They're crazy. Uh Leo, I want to ask you, what what have you seen change? You said there was a whole decade between uh the first home miners that y'all were y'all were shipping and and the more recent ones. What shifted to bring back that product and and have a demand for it? Oh, where do I start? Um so, yeah, Bitcoin at its uh early days, back in 2010, 2011, um they were 100% mined by home my users, right? They people using CPU, GPUs. GPU has been very long time um the mainstream of Bitcoin mining. Um so, back then, there's only lottery. You know, the randomness is actually one of the um key factor that to to make Bitcoin attractive to people, right? So, uh I I I I think back then 100% is lottery, um but then, mining pool appears, right? And people start to see an opportunity to put in more money um in a sizable business. But, hardware lagged uh until our founder, who um whose name is Ng Zhang, um drop out from his PhD degree candidate, uh started to posting his open-source codes Um Bitcoin talks forum and and people using that open-source software to build their FPGA chips and machines. He shipped two generations of FPGA chips meaning Icarus and the Lancelot. Two two names that he named after them. And then there was Butterfly Labs came out saying, you know, they they have a different way of mining which is called ASIC. So many different groups started developing ASICs. And our founding team was actually the first generation or the first team that successfully sending out machines ASIC chips. >> The A1, right? Yeah, Avalon. It's called Avalon. Avalon, yeah. It's just called Avalon cuz they didn't know that they they were going to have a second generation. They didn't know they were going to be 16 generations. So on the second generation they pushed out two versions. The industrial version and the home version. The home version is called Avalon Nano. Which is addressing to iPod Nano back then cuz it's a has a different colors or design with a flash disk with different colors. People can use them on laptop to mine. The third generation Avalon also comes with Nano 2. But then they also had a try to do a mini and early stage heating machine back then. But that that, you know, that product never was marketed to the market because, you know, they formed Bitmain and started to attack us cost and and hash rate because Bitmain was well capitalized from the start. You know, different from us. We were more like a geeky company only funding ourselves from prepayments from our customers. Um Bitmain was well founded in the beginning. So, um we were working so hard to to kind of encounter that competition. Um and it was until recently we were able to save some strength for home mining products. That's awesome. Yeah, and >> [clears throat] >> I was debating on whether or not I want to bring this part up, but we're going to get into it, the open source and proprietary nature of it. Um I obviously I'm all for open source. We have Scott here who's like king open source, but the thing about mining is that we've seen a lot of proprietary proprietary build-outs like it's you can't buy these individual parts and build a minor. You have to buy a minor and break it down in order to uh to rebuild it however you want to. So, where where do y'all see open source mining going with with relation to home mining? Like, is it going to obviously it's it's expanded drastically only in the past 1 or 2 years, I'd say. Um but where do y'all see see it going in the in the near and far future? What's going to happen with the with the production of actual components that that that's going to be needed for these home miners? Who wants to take that? I I mean, it is absolutely going to take over and change the industry for the better with 100% certainty, to say the least. Um You know, you you mentioned that the the BitAxe has sort of taken the the home mining scene by storm. Um and I think that is in no small part because it is an open source project. It is is completely permissionless, you know, anyone can get involved. When I started it, I it seemed like it was a insurmountable task. I couldn't have done it by myself, but but by the nature of being an open source project, like actual professionals in their field, extremely talented, dedicated people just showed up and they're like, "I want to work on this." And that that is what has made the Bit Axe into what it is today and then in an incredibly short amount of time have a have a real impact. And I think that this, you know, we're still at at the beginning part of the exponential growth in in like the progress and the development in Bitcoin mining that we can have from open source. When anyone can get involved, anyone can fork it and just start adding improvements and then people can change on that. We're we're we're going to in in no, you know, small amount of time we're going to look back at where we are today and it's going to be just completely, you know, it's going to look so distant and so antiquated from where we're going to be in a short period of time. It is insane what open source can do. I mean, we've we've seen this happen in other industries before. Uh you know, Microsoft used to make proprietary web server products and I don't think basically no one runs that anymore, right? You can just you can just take these tools, you can just start a new company with a groundbreaking new technology in your garage, in your dorm room, whatever. No one can stop you and um I I I think all the proprietary miners um are going to are going to see this and they're, you know, they're either going to jump on board or basically be forced to by the, you know, by the progress of their competitors. I want to expand on that question a little bit too and Leo, you can answer this one. I think you might have a good insight on when this like continue obviously will continue to snowball the open source movement. These big players like Bitmain, MicroBT, Canaan, what are what what do you foresee happening with them as far as embracing it or fighting against it or how do you how do you see that that duality playing out over the few course of the future? Um I can't speak uh for our competitors. I cannot speak for them, but I I think it has largely embedded in the roots of Canaan as a company. Uh cuz as I explained, we we were starting as uh a founding group of open source of Bitcoin mining ourselves. Um and there are practical reasons why uh in in the last decade it was, you know, most of the manufacturers weren't as proactive as Scott and uh 256 Foundation uh as we should be. Um and and the reason is more technical than uh ideological. Uh I I think uh most of the ASIC chips in in the past 10 12 generations were joint developed by the designer and our foundry partners who fabricate these these chips for us. So, it's very hard to separate their effort and our effort and open source everything. Uh but on the other side, I do believe open sourcing is important um in the case that people are no longer or not majorly pursuing more more hash rate and efficiency or profitability. Uh but rather to use Bitcoin mining as the technology to tape into energy play in the modern society. Um nowadays, we are seeing increasingly case more and cases in our on our end in the US and and in Europe um to use Bitcoin mining as a way to capture the stranded energy and recycle heat. Um I I I that's the key of Bitcoin mining as a prolonged business for the community, not just for one single manufacturer. And I do think that's a a very meaningful way for people to take control of their home and the energy as a strategic thinker cuz going forward AI is going to replace a lot of our jobs. People would be working with AI agents and robotic agents at home. If you think about it, in the past you know, recycling heat wasn't a thing only because we don't have continuous energy eating compute requirement. But now if you have AI you know, local storage, local servers running your AI agents that's going to be easy for people to start harvesting stranded energy and your home energy. So I think Scott is right. We're in a very early stage and I I think I'm really proud of our company as a one of the early starter for open sourcing home mining and I do think that's very important for human race. Good. I I just want to you know, we're talking about the Bitcoin returning to its roots and the roots of mining. There's a early post by Satoshi, a foreign post and he talks about heat reuse. Right? He talks about all these miners could you know, as well as mine Bitcoin could could heat your office, right? Obviously with CPU mining at the time. But we've we've known about this like for the entire time Bitcoin has been around that there's a potential for for heat reuse, for capturing this you know, this this waste product. Sorry Tyler, it's not a waste product, but So we've known about it. But like none of the major manufacturers have leaned into this, right? I'd say you know, 99.9% of the machines of the of the miners manufactured out there are not targeted towards capturing, you know, towards heat reuse, towards going after stranded energy, intermittent power. And it, you know, it's going to take it's going to take the uh open source community, these builders to build these products to go after this, which I, you know, is very clearly and has been for a while is the future of Bitcoin mining, right? This is how we decentralize. This is how we get hash rate into the homes in meaningful quantities, right? Is have it attached to a water heater, have it attached to a space heater. It's the amount of energy that is out there that is used for electrical heat is absolutely insane. If even a small portion of that it could be captured for Bitcoin mining, it would like fundamentally change where the hash rate comes for securing the Bitcoin network. So, it it's it really is the roots of Bitcoin mining, but it just has never been implemented. It is so strange. Uh let me jump in here real quick. So, I think you have a good point. I think heat reuse is extremely important, but let me let me be extremely clear about what is open source and what is sort of open IO. Uh you can have a closed source device, but then you can have, you know, it's API documentation published and you can still integrate it with home automation and be able to, you know, uh control its heat output and use it. So, I think we have to be clear that there's three separate things here. There's open source software, there's open source hardware, and then there's proprietary devices which allow which have which give you API access with proper documentation. So, you can still integrate them into your systems. It's not that you have to have everything open source to be able to interact with it, right? Like your iPhone or, you know, there's so many systems that are closed, but they allow you to interact with it. Uh any of the proprietary heaters. Let me I think also delineate between open source software and hardware. I think uh a lot of people think I hate open source. I don't I hate open source hardware. I think open source software has proven itself. It's been around for decades. It's extremely successful. Open hardware to me does not has not proven itself yet. Uh there is actually no large-scale open source hardware that you can go buy today. Not a phone, not a mic, not not nothing, right? Not a car, not a fridge. It just does not really exist out in the real world. So, when we say open source is inevitable, to me it's more like open source hardware has so far proven to be impossible, not inevitable. Uh and I think everybody has a right to choose what they decide, right? As a hardware developer, you can open your work and say, you know, now I'm going to seek a foundation funding to keep working on my project. That's a fair choice. I respect that, but I think promoting a fast or GTFO idea, I can't go along with that, you know? You believe in fast, you have a right to believe that. I don't believe in that. I You know, I think what fast or GTFO has done, like this is your motto for 2 Foundation, it's created a rift in the builders community where people have picked sides and, you know, instead of building together, they're kind of kind of, you know, coming at each other with pitchforks. Uh I think we need to we need to let the market decide uh if open hardware proves out to be uh successful. From what I know, Satoshi mined with proprietary hardware. He had no problem with it. He never complained. Every single block that has been found over the last 12 or 13 years in Bitcoin is all with proprietary chips. Bitcoin is open source, but that's just the source code. Hardware is a completely different story. I think we we've got to keep the two separate and and and, you know, just understand that there's a difference here. As as Bitcoiners, we are very used to uh rejecting the status quo, especially in the name of freedom, which is what open source provides. Um, you know, obviously you can do whatever you want, but uh if given the choice, I'm going to go for freedom, which is what open source provides. And you know, sure, you're right, it hasn't been done in hardware, but I don't care. Let's fucking go. We're going to do this. Scott, so you know, your OSM use motto is faster GTFO dismantling the proprietary empire and uh uh demand open source. I don't think even you guys are living up to your motto because I will challenge you for your upcoming hashathon or telehash demand open source. Say I'm not going to I'm going to I don't want hash rate from Bitmain A6. Just guys with Bitax and Nerf QX. Let's let's do a telehash with that. And uh you know, we'll see how that goes. I I would like to add a little color to that debate. Please, please. >> Um so um people are arguing about industrial use of Bitcoin mining as a way to gain profit and opposed to Bitcoin mining itself as a technology. Um I I think Bitcoin mining uh in the early days are not for profit because people were doing that just because it was cool, not because they thought the Bitcoin tokens will appreciate over time that amount of money. But you know, now people are doing that more for money, for Bitcoin as the token. Um but not for Bitcoin mining itself. Uh I I I think um it's important to find a second route or a third different use case for people cuz I I'm a believer that when there is a use case, there will be hardware fitting into that use case. Um heat recycling is one of these most important use case nowadays. Uh and in order to, you know, use them as a I don't know, toilet cover, as a bathtub, The old form factors won't work. That That's That's why open source is important because, you know, manufacturers like us can empower the community to design all sorts of form factors and enable heat recycling, you know, grid balancing, maybe pet caring, I don't know. So So things like that could could really diversify Bitcoin mining and and kind of uncover different use cases. Welcome to Predict. The world is a market. Everything is a market. Every headline moves the line. Every moment is your market. Call the moves. Bet on your instinct. Your prediction, your edge. Dual bets. Predict, where everything is a market. I hate to do this, but we are going to have to start wrapping or they put a little more time on. We There we go. All right, cool. Yeah, sorry. Uh Yeah, I I I do want to expand on this a little more since we have a little time on the the hardware side of things. I I'm curious what what's it going to take to achieve that open source hardware and and leave that the proprietary grips of that. I'm I'm curious if you can expand on either of you all want to expand on what what will it take to to win there? I mean, the ideal the ideal in Bitcoin mining would be to have a fully open source ASIC, right? Have all the components be open source. That's That's fantastic. We should work towards that. Obviously, there's a lot of problems, right? These chips are made in you know, in cooperation with the foundry, TSMC. You know, parts Parts of those chips are property of TSMC. You can't just be like, this is my design. I'm going to open source it. Obviously, that's the ideal, but I think that that is um that that's that's sort of being a purist about the entire stack being open source, it isn't even necessary. I think it's it's actually just kind of like a dig on someone who just doesn't want open source, but we don't need the entire stack to have open source, right? We're incrementally adding freedom to the project by making more and more components open source, right? The BitAcs, uh the projects from the 256 Foundation, the hardware projects, they are open source. There is a point to I can say, you know, you can go here, the source is there, right? You can take it, you can build on it. You know, we're working towards this ideal of having the whole stack open source, but that doesn't mean we can't, you know, have these incremental stages as we go along. I think open source hardware is I think it should really be called open hardware, not open source hardware. As far as I know, none of your products have any third-party open source certification, right? I mean, you say they're open source, but if I look at the license, it's an open hardware license, not an open source hardware license. That's an important >> The source code is right there. I don't I don't mean I don't know what else to say. Like, there is the source for this project, the reproducible source. It's not because there's proprietary components like the ASIC that you know, it's a black box. >> doesn't matter. That is not a prerequisite for it being open source. Open hardware, not open source. Your your license is open hardware, not open source. They're two separate things. Open hardware is, you know, there's an open API, right? No, this is actually the source. You can take that like like you would take software and give it to your compiler to build a binary, you can take this source and you can give it to a manufacturer to build the hardware. That is the source for how it is built. Well, as if if you can source the ASIC chip, which is hard to get, the ESP32, which is proprietary, and a host of other components. But, you know, I That does not matter. It literally doesn't even matter. Those are things that you can go and buy. Like open source software can run on closed source uh hardware. It can You can compile closed source binaries into Linux. Linux is still open source. It does not change anything. Okay, I think without splitting hairs about, you know, is there really a difference here? Uh I'll go back to the point about is it really even possible to build an open source ASIC? Uh New gen ASIC chips require something like $50 billion to build, right? The fab, the development. Entire nation states have tried this for decades and failed at it. I mean, famously China with SMIC. How long have they tried and they're still behind Taiwan and US? So, I think to expect that somebody's going to invest $50 billion and then just give it away, open source it. I think that's actually freedom minimizing cuz you took all that work and you said basically light it on fire, right? Cuz they didn't get paid for that work. So, I think if you are sold on open source, that's freedom maximizing, but to the developer, you actually took all that work and gave it away, opened it up, right? So, they can't get paid for it now. You You can get paid for open source, especially in hardware. Hardware is actually a brilliant thing to open source because there's always a cost to hardware. You can always sell it, right? It's not copy paste like software. Yeah, but if the design's open, you know, China is going to copy it and there goes your market. But you This is We have this this exponential level of growth, right? It's like we're not stopping here. Yes, China has copied the bit out left and right, but you know, we're not stopping here. It's It is going to be impossible to catch up when you're just copying. I think, you know, we can debate ultimately the market in the long term is is you is going to decide what what works, what doesn't. From what I see, there are zero large open source hardware manufacturers. So, to me, the market has already proven that this hasn't worked. Maybe it'll work in the future, but you know, we'll find out. I guess you know, this is a debate where we have to agree to disagree and and let the market decide how things things pan out. But irrespective of who's right >> is not the world reserve currency either, but does that mean we're stopping? Nope. I really hate to cut this off, but >> [laughter] >> you see, I told you we needed a 6-hour window. We do need to wrap for time, but I'm telling you this we can go so deep. There's so many rabbit holes in home mining itself. So to close it out, I want to go down the line and just give everyone a piece of advice on how to how to get an entry into home mining, whether it's, you know, doing some research on a specific topic or buying a home miner. Let's just go down the line and say like what what does it take for a pleb to get into home mining? Leo, do you want to start? Yeah, so thanks. So the philosophy of Canaan as a provider of home mining hardware is to enable people to use hassle-free um ways to get into home mining and use them to recycle heat and with without interrupting with your home design so hardware has to look good in our opinion and it it has to be easily controllable. Um you you have to full control of your security and your power um with a clip on a you know, cell phone with an API with with your Some some people would just, you know, leave it and forget about it. Um so I so I so I think you know, from a commercial perspective, what we're what we're doing here is is to give people easily you know, accessible um reasonably priced and also you know, nicely looking products for people to use, right? But that's from a commercial perspective. From a more of a social welfare perspective, you know, um Scott and and the foundation have built a really great ground for for people to get more involved, especially developers of open-source home mining solutions. Scott. Thanks, Leo. The it's now more so than ever there's there's amazing home mining products. The the barrier to entry is lower than it's it's ever been. This is a fantastic time to grab something, right? You could grab a little nerd miner, right? You could grab a Bitaxe. You could You You can just do this. They're surprisingly hard to break. Don't worry about it. Just jump in. It's it's a fantastic rabbit hole to be in. Uh just start playing around, you know, get it. Try with a pool. Try solo mining. Try you know, lottery mining. Try changing the settings. Overclock it. See what happens when it gets too hot. Uh there's so much you can learn. There's people creating tons of resources, you know, videos, tutorials. There's social groups that you can join, right? You can You can come hang out with us cool dudes. Like just just jump in and give it a try. Uh and I think you're going to enjoy it. And you know, you you know, at the very least you're going to learn a ton. Um and it you know, it's a fantastic way to get involved in Bitcoin, you know? If you like If you like gear and you like, you know, tweaking on on hardware and plugging things in. Uh it's it's a cool like hands-on way to get involved with Bitcoin. Absolutely, Averal. Yep, get off zero. Uh I learned that from Scott. Uh I think everybody should own a Bitcoin miner at home now. It's really easy to buy. You can get it for under 50 bucks in most cases. Uh and then, you know, tinker with it. If you like to tinker like me, these are great devices. Uh they're super open now. A lot of the firmware you guys have built is let's people play around, you know, tinker the frequency, the hash rate, the the voltage, all that stuff. And then, uh, understand that the Bitcoin network does not differentiate between, you know, open-source and closed-source hashes. They all secure the network. Uh, you can no matter which one you choose, it's it's going to secure the network. It's going to generate you Bitcoin, and you will learn a lot in the process. So, uh, uh, yeah, just uh, just take your first steps and you buy your first Bitcoin miner if you don't have it. Absolutely. Well, guys, thank you so much for being up here with me. This has been a blast. Uh, and to everyone watching, find these guys, talk to them, and if you find anyone who's willing to talk about home mining, they're going to talk to you about home mining forever. So, I I promise you there's plenty of resources here today, but uh, but yeah, we'll uh, we'll wrap it up there. Thanks for Thanks for coming, guys. >> [music] >> Every year, this community comes together to celebrate, to debate, >> [music] >> to build what comes next. And every year, the stage [music] gets bigger. Sound money, >> [music] >> center stage. So, where do you go to celebrate the next chapter in Bitcoin [music] history? You come home. >> [music] >> Nashville, July 2027.